Social Justice 110

Where and how to search for information depends on what kind of information you need, and for what purpose you need it.

If you are looking for scholarly information, it's a good idea to use scholarly databases through Penrose Library, the Penrose Library catalog Sherlock,  or to start with an internet tool like Google Scholar (but you may need to use Sherlock to help you access information you find with Google Scholar).

If you are looking for contextual or background information related to local issues or organizations, local newspapers or websites are a good place to start (see information in the Local sources page). Wikipedia can also be a helpful starting point, especially when it gives you references to reliable sources. If you are trying to find a specific organization or information fro a specific kind of organization, Google advanced search makes it easier to find, for example, reports from an organization with a .org domain extension.

Determining the strength of a source depends a great deal on your question. What would you like to know, and what kind of source would provide that information?

• If you are looking for or would like to know more about the history and interpretation of the Bayeux Tapestry, you might want to find a peer-reviewed article on that topic. 
• However, you might also have a question like, how is the occupy movement depicted in the media? For that question, you might want to find articles from major newspapers or national magazines.

The strength of a source also might have to do with credibility. How can you be sure that the source you are reading is accurate or trustworthy? There is no magic bullet here, but some things to consider include:

• What organization, institution, business, nonprofit or individual supports or funds this source?
• Is there any identifiable bias in the source? Is this bias related to the organization, etc., that supports it?
• Who is the author? Are they identified and do they provide contact information?
• Is the source dated clearly and accurately? This is especially important for web sources.

Scholarly or peer-reviewed sources are written by credentialed experts in a given academic field, such as history, geology, or mathematics. For many disciplines, this is the "gold standard" of academic publishing. To determine if something is peer-reviewed, consider:

• The source: is the journal published by a University or other academic institution? Does it list who edits the journal?
• The author: do they have an academic affiliation, and/or degrees listed (Ph.D, M.A., etc).
• The content: are the claims being adequately documented? Are there sources cited (footnotes, endnotes, bibliography)?
• The audience: does the article used advanced language and a specialized vocabulary? Are they writing for others who are experts in the field, or for a general audience?

Popular sources is a very broad category, but popular sources are generally distinguished from scholarly because they are not peer-reviewed. This does not necessarily mean they are untrustworthy or not useful, just that they are of a different sort. In determining if something is a popular source, consider:

• The source: is it a newspaper, website or magazine aimed meant to entertain, provide basic news information, or persuade without providing in-depth analysis? 
• The author: is the author identified at all? If they are identified, are they journalists or editorial staff?
• The content: popular sources are generally shorter, and usually do not cite sources. These sources often have more images and advertisements. 
• The audience: popular sources use general, easily accessible language and sentence structure. They don't use academic jargon or specialized vocabulary.